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The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (TOT), sometimes called avoir le mot sur le bout de la langue in French, is the failure to retrieve a word from memory, combined with partial recall and the feeling that retrieval is imminent. The phenomenon's name comes from the saying, "It's on the tip of my tongue." The tip of the tongue phenomenon reveals that lexical access occurs in stages. People experiencing the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can often recall one or more features of the target word, such as the first letter, its syllabic stress, and words similar in sound and/or meaning.〔 Individuals report a feeling of being seized by the state, feeling something like mild anguish while searching for the word, and a sense of relief when the word is found.〔〔 While many aspects of the tip-of-the-tongue state remain unclear, there are two major competing explanations for its occurrence, the ''direct-access view'' and the ''inferential view''. The direct-access view posits that the state occurs when memory strength is not enough to recall an item, but is strong enough to trigger the state. The inferential view claims that TOTs aren't completely based on inaccessible, yet activated targets; rather they arise when the rememberer tries to piece together different clues about the word. Emotional-induced retrieval often causes more TOT experiences than an emotionally neutral retrieval, such as asking where a famous icon was assassinated rather than simply asking the capital city of a state. Emotional TOT experiences also have a longer retrieval time than non-emotional TOT experiences. The cause of this is unknown but possibilities include using a different retrieval strategy when having an emotional TOT experience rather than a non-emotional TOT experience, fluency at the time of retrieval, and strength of memory. TOT states should be separated from FOK (feeling of knowing) states. FOK, in contrast, is the feeling that one will be able to recognize - from a list of items - an item that is currently inaccessible. There are still currently opposing articles of the separability of the process underlying these concepts. However, there is some evidence that TOTs and FOKs draw on different parts of the brain. TOTs are associated with the anterior cingulate, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and right inferior cortex while FOKs are not. An occasional tip-of-the-tongue state is normal for people of all ages. TOT becomes more frequent as people age.〔 TOT is only a medical condition when it becomes frequent enough to interfere with learning or daily life. This disorder is called anomic aphasia when acquired by brain damage, usually from a head injury, stroke, or dementia. The tip of the tongue phenomenon has implications for research in psycholinguistics, memory, and metacognition.〔 == History == The term "tip of the tongue" is borrowed from colloquial usage.〔 The tip of the tongue phenomenon was first described as a psychological phenomenon in the text ''The Principles of Psychology'' by William James (1890), although he did not label it as such.〔James, W. (1890). ''Principles of Psychology''. Retrieved from http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/James/Principles/〕 Sigmund Freud also discussed unconscious psychological factors, such as unconscious thoughts and impulses that might cause forgetting familiar words.〔Freud, S. (1965). ''The Psychopathology of Everyday Life''. New York: Norton.〕 The first empirical research on this phenomenon was undertaken by Harvard researchers Roger Brown and David McNeill and published in 1966 in the ''Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior''.〔 Brown and McNeill wanted to determine whether the feeling of imminent retrieval experienced in the tip of the tongue state was based on actual retrieval ability or was just an illusion.〔Baddeley, A, Eysenck, M., & Anderson, M. (2009). ''Memory''. New York: Psychology Pres Inc.〕 In their study, Brown and McNeill read out definitions of rare words to the study participants and asked them to name the object being defined, and the target word was later read by the experimenter.〔 Participants were instructed to report whether they experienced a tip of the tongue state.〔〔 Three types of positive TOT states were identified by Brown and McNeill: # the participant recognized the word read by the experimenter as the word he had been seeking, # the participant correctly recalled the word before it was read by the experimenter, and # subject recalled the word they were seeking before the target word was read by the experimenter, but the recalled word was not the intended target.〔 If a participant indicated a tip of the tongue state, they were asked to provide any information about the target word they could recall.〔〔 Brown and McNeill found that participants could identify the first letter of the target word, the number of syllables of the target word, words of similar sound, words of similar meaning, syllabic pattern, and the serial position of some letters in the target word better than would be expected by chance.〔〔 Their findings demonstrated the legitimacy of the feeling of knowing experienced in a tip of the tongue state. This study was the foundation for subsequent research about tip of the tongue phenomenon. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tip of the tongue」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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